A-Infos (en) Spaine, Regeneraton: The Year 2025: The Cycle of Warlords in Late Capitalism By Liza (ca, de, fr, it, pt, tr)[machine translation]

The year 2025 has perhaps been one of the most turbulent years in global 
geopolitics, and also in terms of uprisings and fronts of struggle of 
the international working class. These demonstrate a very clear 
qualitative and quantitative increase in social conflicts, but also an 
expansion of the strategic offensive of the imperialist ruling class. 
This projection into the future, reasonably interpreting the 
warmongering propaganda, the defiant and aggressive language, and the 
increase in NATO military spending, with the genocide in Palestine as a 
backdrop, foreshadows a scenario of war for which capitalism is 
preparing and encouraging. We have selected some of these conflicts, 
uprisings, and the repression against social movements that have 
unfolded across the globe during 2025, and which revolutionary 
organizations should pay attention to in order to conduct better 
analyses of the current global situation. The selected events have been 
those with a massive impact, such as popular mobilizations, strikes, 
student uprisings, and autonomy projects.

Index
Asia: structural crisis, authoritarianism and the recomposition of the 
class struggle
Africa: Imperialist reconfiguration, state collapse, and popular resistance
North America: Trump's far right and popular resistance in the US
Latin America and the Caribbean: Permanent social crisis, popular 
recomposition and fascist threat
Europe: militarization imposed by NATO and consolidation of the 
far-right agenda
General situation. Faced with imperialist war, Zionist genocide and 
fascism; an internationalist class response

Asia: Structural Crisis, Authoritarianism, and the Recomposition of the 
Class Struggle

In 2025, the Asian continent became one of the main arenas for the 
resurgence of social conflict on a global scale. The region concentrates 
a decisive and massive share of global capitalist production, strategic 
supply chains, regional imperialist disputes between the US, China, 
India, and Russia, and increasing militarization. This context has 
deepened class contradictions, accelerating processes of impoverishment, 
state authoritarianism, and popular resistance. These Asian conflicts 
represent enormous potential for building organized social forces, given 
the high percentage of the world's population and the growing 
unionization and social consciousness observed over the last decade.

In Indonesia, this year has been marked by a wave of worker, student, 
and community protests against the rising cost of living, reactionary 
labor reforms, and the intensification of the extractive economic model. 
The mobilizations spread, particularly after the end of August, when a 
motorcycle taxi driver was killed after being run over by a police 
vehicle during a crackdown on popular dissent. They reached a massive 
scale, especially on the islands of Java and Sumatra, with workers' 
demands being amplified by issues such as the precariousness of the 
labor market and the privatization of the country's natural resources. 
Official unions acted as a bulwark against the protests, but grassroots 
coordination and alliances emerged among industrial workers, peasants, 
and the urban poor. State repression was significant, highlighting the 
Indonesian state's role as a guarantor of transnational capital and 
regional interests.

Riots in Indonesia
In Nepal, massive popular protests erupted in 2025, denouncing the 
erosion of the political system and widespread structural corruption, as 
well as material issues such as rampant youth unemployment. Generation Z 
has brought to light a deep discontent among broad sectors of the 
population who perceive the parliamentary system resulting from the 
institutional transition following the Nepalese civil war (1996-2006) as 
merely a strategic realignment of the elites. While the mobilizations 
were quite fragmented, they revealed a growing distrust of traditional 
political parties, and a more radical discourse is taking hold, 
characterized by the emergence of forms of neighborhood and student 
self-organization, although these still lack a solid strategic framework.

In Bangladesh, the struggle of garment workers has once again taken 
center stage in social conflict this year. Strikes for living wages and 
minimum working conditions are consistently met with massive repression, 
demonstrating that Asian states are complicit in the disciplining of 
capitalism and its industrial offshoring, as the neoliberal system 
identified these countries as a niche for new manufacturing 
exploitation. The absence of well-established, large-scale, and 
combative union structures limits the scope of these struggles, but 
their growth and continuity also signal a sustained resistance against 
the consequences of exploitation in this region.

Finally, Kurdish autonomy in northern and eastern Syria has continued in 
a critical situation in 2025, subjected to Turkish military pressure, 
blackmail from regional powers, and increasing international isolation. 
Despite this, the experiment continues with a project of partial 
self-government incorporating elements of direct democracy and community 
organization, serving as a reference point for revolutionary movements, 
although a critical assessment of the shortcomings of the democratic 
confederalism strategy is still needed.

Africa: Imperialist reconfiguration, state collapse, and popular resistance
In 2025, the African continent occupied a central place in the global 
geopolitical struggle, as a territory of extractivism, a strategic 
corridor, and a space for the realignment of influence between old and 
new imperialist powers. The exhaustion of post-colonial models, the 
structural violence of extractive capitalism, and increasing 
militarization have deepened processes of open social warfare that have 
persisted for decades. The continent exhibits both reactionary dynamics 
and fissures where popular struggles, revolutionary contradictions, and 
explicit rejections of the imperialist order emerge. It is crucial to 
support these anti-imperialist struggles without idealizing the statist 
projects behind them, strengthening internationalist networks, and 
committing to self-organization to ensure that the break with 
colonialism does not lead to new forms of domination.

Sudan remains mired in a brutal war between military factions, social 
cleansing, and the repression of political exiles. These military 
families represent the conflicting interests of the regional capitalist 
elite. The civilian population has been forcibly displaced and 
massacred, with mass killings and the systematic destruction of 
community life. In this context, revolutionary and anarchist 
activists-many of them already in exile-have suffered persecution, 
disappearances, and assassinations, both within the country and along 
migration routes and in refugee camps, due to their solidarity work. The 
crushing of the networks that emerged after the 2019 popular uprising 
confirms that war functions as a mechanism of preemptive 
counterrevolution against any possibility of popular self-organization.

Riots in Sudan
In Morocco, precarious youth maintain a simmering protest that never 
fully erupts. 2025 has been marked by intermittent youth protests 
against unemployment, the high cost of living, and the lack of future 
prospects, including criticism of the monarchical regime. This regime 
maintains a tight grip on power, particularly against social and labor 
activists, and a growing discontent is evident in working-class 
neighborhoods and urban peripheries. The combination of political 
authoritarianism, neoliberalism, and alignment with European interests 
positions the Moroccan regime as a key player in maintaining reactionary 
stability in North Africa.

In Ethiopia, the Tigai War continues to have repercussions in 2025. 
While open fighting has decreased compared to recent years, the region 
remains devastated, and a strong military presence ensures political 
repression. The conflict has highlighted the authoritarian nature of 
Ethiopian power and the use of ethnic manipulation as a means of social 
control. Peasant and working-class populations remain trapped between a 
powerful state militarism and the dominant regional elites.

In the Sahel, a break with France and a revolutionary ambiguity have 
emerged. The military uprisings, notably that of Burkina Faso led by the 
young Ibrahim Traoré, have this year dealt a blow to the old French 
colonialism disguised as extractivism. Popular rejection of French 
interests in the region is resounding, evidenced by a clear will for 
sovereignty in the face of historical plunder. However, despite this 
break with the imperialist order and massive popular support, state 
military structures remain, lacking a revolutionary organization of the 
working class, which is the only guarantor of profound social 
transformation.

North America: Trump's far right and popular resistance in the US
In 2025, the United States has deepened its internal authoritarian drift 
while simultaneously developing a direct strategy of external 
imperialist offensive. Police militarization, the intensification of 
anti-immigrant policies, and the use of racism as a tool of social 
control have marked a scenario of internal war against the most 
vulnerable sectors of the working class. These should not be understood 
as circumstantial deviations, but rather as structural expressions 
reinforcing the positions of a capitalism in crisis, whose only way out 
from now on, we are seeing, will be the strengthening of a repressive 
police state to maintain its hegemony.

US rallies
ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) campaigns have intensified 
raids, mass arrests, and deportations, especially against Latino and 
racialized communities. These xenophobic policies have generated 
organized responses of community self-defense, mutual support networks, 
and mass mobilizations against state violence. Simultaneously, 
repression against the Antifa movement has increased, criminalizing any 
form of organization against the discourse of the American far right and 
equating it with a domestic terrorist entity. Movements like Stop Cop 
City in Atlanta have consolidated themselves as social resistance 
projects, articulating environmental, anti-racist, and anti-prison 
struggles against the construction of a massive police training center. 
Initiatives like the "No Kings" mobilization have challenged the 
authoritarianism and concentration of power of the Donald Trump 
administration and reflect a politicization at the heart of imperialism, 
though still diffuse or diverted by social democratic projects such as 
the campaign surrounding New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani.

The challenge for the working classes in the US is to overcome the 
fragmentation of these struggles, strengthen stable class structures, 
and move towards a revolutionary and effective coordination of struggles 
that confronts capital and imperialism in a sustained manner beyond 
reactive cycles of protest.

Latin America and the Caribbean: Permanent social crisis, popular 
recomposition and fascist threat
In Latin America, the year 2025 has been marked by a combination of 
persistent economic crisis fueled by external debt, state 
authoritarianism, and renewed outbreaks of social conflict. The region 
continues to be a central arena of imperialist struggle, with the United 
States consistently acting as the aggressor through political, military, 
and economic interference to contain any process that challenges its 
hegemony.

March in Ecuador
In Mexico, mobilizations against forced disappearances have once again 
taken center stage in the social landscape, driven by organized families 
and autonomous collectives that denounce the structural collusion 
between the state, capital, and organized crime. These movements are 
compounded by protests against the 2026 World Cup, denounced as a 
megaproject of urban dispossession, militarization, and gentrification, 
as well as growing struggles for housing in major cities. These 
resistance movements, though also fragmented, express a clear opposition 
to the neoliberal and extractivist development model.

Peru remains mired in a deep political crisis, with frequent protests 
against a regime sustained by repression and structural racism toward 
Indigenous and peasant populations. In Ecuador, the Indigenous movement 
maintains its role as a central opposition force against the government 
of businessman Daniel Noboa, confronting policies of austerity, 
militarization, and territorial plunder. Haiti represents the extreme 
collapse of state order when capitalism decides to dispense with that 
entity, leaving a population subjected to the violence of organized 
crime, poverty, and the constant intervention of foreign powers.

In Argentina, 2025 has been marked by general strikes and labor disputes 
against Javier Milei's neoliberal policies, in which traditional 
Peronism maintains a lukewarm stance, hoping to capitalize on its 
electoral gains after the neoliberal cycle ends. Meanwhile, in Chile, 
the electoral debacle of the social democracy of Boric and his 
successor, Jeannette Jara, has opened a political space of defeat 
exploited by reactionary forces, demonstrating once again that reformism 
born from Latin American uprisings is a Trojan horse for the extreme 
right. All of this is part of a rise in regional fascism, fueled by the 
aggressive anti-immigrant policies of the United States, including its 
continued pressure and aggression against Venezuela.

The urgent task in Latin America is the construction of an anti-fascist 
class front, internationalist and autonomous from official party 
politics and social-democratic deviations, that overcomes both 
institutional progressivism and authoritarian solutions and that bets on 
popular organization as the axis of a social transformation.

Europe: militarization imposed by NATO and consolidation of the 
far-right agenda
Europe entered 2025 already grappling with a profound structural crisis, 
one that had been brewing for decades, combining widespread 
impoverishment of the working class, accelerated militarization, and 
growing social unrest. Strategic subordination to NATO and the interests 
of US imperialism has transformed the European continent into a 
logistical and energy rearguard and a testing ground for a policy of 
war, while the working classes bear the direct cost in the form of 
inflation, social cuts, and precarious employment. The direct effects of 
capitalism's authoritarian drift in times of crisis are now being felt.

In Germany, the struggles against the expansion of Tesla and the 
electric car industry have taken on a strategic character. Protests 
against the Tesla factory in Brandenburg have brought together 
environmental, labor, and neighborhood movements against massive water 
consumption, precarious employment, and the "green" commodification of 
the energy transition. These are compounded by mobilizations against the 
resurgence of nuclear energy and industrial militarization, 
demonstrating how the so-called ecological transition is being used as a 
new cycle of capitalist accumulation. The response of European states, 
based on criminalization and surveillance, reveals to the public the 
limitations of liberal democracy when the structural interests of 
capital are challenged.

Protests in Germany against Tesla
Serbia experienced intense political polarization in 2025, marked by 
mass protests against the government, fueled by corruption, 
authoritarianism, and deteriorating living conditions. Youth and popular 
sectors led sustained mobilizations, combining social demands with 
outright rejection of the regime. However, the absence of strong 
class-based organizations and the clash between reactionary nationalism 
and pro-European liberalism limit the emancipatory potential of the 
conflict, which teeters between social revolt and its possible co-optation.

Marches in Serbia
However, it is the war between Russia and Ukraine that continues to 
define the central axis of European geopolitics. By 2025, the conflict 
had become chronic, consolidating a war economy that justifies increased 
military spending and the redirection of public resources toward the 
arms industry. Economic sanctions, energy dependence, and the disruption 
of supply chains have deepened a resource crisis that hits the working 
class particularly hard in Europe. The discourse of defending "European 
democracy" acts as a tool for demobilizing and silencing political 
dissent. The conflict, which is playing out on European soil, is in 
reality an imperialist dispute voraciously consuming resources and 
serving as a testing ground for the militarization that capitalism needs 
to confront the looming future crisis, in which Europe plays a secondary 
role in the 21st century. The main challenge we have in Europe is to 
rebuild a revolutionary class-based and internationalist policy, capable 
of articulating the fronts of social, ecological and anti-militarist 
struggles in a project that confronts capitalism, placing workers' 
self-organization as the axis of reinforcement against this crisis.

General situation. Faced with imperialist war, Zionist genocide and 
fascism; an internationalist class response
The global assessment for 2025 confirms that capitalism is undergoing a 
major organic crisis in which war, authoritarianism, and fascism are not 
exceptions at all; rather, they are once again positioning themselves as 
structural tactical tools of global governments. These international 
conflicts analyzed are not isolated episodes, but rather expressions of 
the same strategic offensive by the ruling class, spearheaded by the 
genocide in Palestine. Capitalism is rebuilding its accumulation of 
repressive power to discipline our class and block any revolutionary 
horizon, thus creating the ideal conditions for demobilization. But, at 
the same time, capitalism is also creating the conditions for rupture 
and division that overlap as possibilities for joint political action by 
our working class, fully aware of its exploitation. Widespread 
militarization, the increase in global military spending, and the 
normalization of war rhetoric herald an imminent scenario of open 
confrontation, which capital not only anticipates but is actively 
preparing for.

The genocide perpetrated against Palestine by the Nazi-Zionist state of 
Israel constitutes the moral and political axis of this international 
juncture. It is not just another regional conflict; it is a laboratory 
for neocolonial warfare, ethnic cleansing, and population control in 
service of imperialist interests. The internationalization of the 
struggle in support of Palestine during 2025 has acted as a catalyst for 
grassroots politicization processes, articulating mass mobilizations, 
boycotts, mutual support networks, and self-organizing practices that 
have reactivated an internationalist class consciousness, especially 
among precarious youth. Palestine has become, de facto, the meeting 
point for struggles against capitalism, racism, and militarism.

In this context, the increased tension with Iran revealed the United 
States' willingness to redraw the balance of power in the Middle East, 
signaling its intention to neutralize any actor that escapes its 
strategic control. Furthermore, the offensive in Latin America-the 
historical "backyard" of the US-with its reinforcement of political, 
economic, and military control over the region, as well as the constant 
pressure on Venezuela, should be understood as further steps necessary 
to ensure a stable rearguard before an inevitable future confrontation 
with China, where Taiwan appears as a key element of calculated 
provocation. These actions being pursued by US imperialism are part of a 
broader redesign of regional containment in certain areas, directly 
linked to its offensive projection toward the Asia-Pacific region.

From our revolutionary anarchist perspective, this struggle against 
capitalism cannot be partial, although the real urgency is to combat the 
growing fascism that has re-emerged as a capitalist project to destroy 
workers' organizations and divide our class, ensuring its subjugation. 
The only viable response is the construction of an internationalist 
revolutionary political program, based on the organization and 
independence of the working class, solidarity among struggles, and 
direct confrontation with capital. 2025 and the years before it make it 
clear that the future is not fought in institutions, but in our class's 
capacity to organize and collectively accumulate social force toward a 
revolutionary rupture with the existing capitalist order. Faced with the 
fragmentation of struggles, let us fight with class organization, 
because anarchism is either revolutionary, or it is nothing.

Ángel Malatesta, a member of Liza Madrid.

https://regeneracionlibertaria.org/2025/12/29/ano-2025-el-ciclo-de-los-senores-de-la-guerra-en-el-capitalismo-tardio/
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